<\/p>\n\n\n
Trong cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n tra v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh: \u201ct\u00f4i l\u00e0 ai?,\u201d \u201ct\u00f4i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u t\u1edbi?\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e2u?\u201d Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u1ee9 vang l\u00ean m\u00e3i trong nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n th\u00f4i th\u00fac m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh T\u00f4i \u0111i t\u00ecm \u201ct\u00f4i.\u201d<\/em> \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea5y m\u1ef1c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 gai g\u00f3c n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i quan ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u1ec3 trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 may th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, \u2018con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u2019[1]<\/a> T\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7, lu\u00f4n lo cho m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho \u0111i\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i, Hobbes \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t \u2018nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean,<\/em>\u2019 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p hay quy t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. H\u00e3y quan s\u00e1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y: m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u00fa vui ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00edch k\u1ef7 th\u00ec l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Hobbes c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u01a1i bi quan v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn \u00e1c li\u1ec7t x\u1ea3y ra, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y sang Ph\u00e1p, n\u0103m 1640, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n su\u1ed1t m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m.<\/p>\n Gam \u2018m\u00e0u t\u1ed1i<\/em>\u2019 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Hobbes, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4 v\u1ebd l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n: William Golding (1911 \u2013 1993), nh\u00e0 v\u0103n t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1t gi\u1ea3i Nobel, c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng trong chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: s\u1ef1 d\u00e3 man c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3\u2026 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua c\u00e1i \u00e1c b\u1ea9m sinh. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Ch\u00faa Ru\u1ed3i (Lord of the Flies<\/em>)[2]<\/a>, xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1954, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ti\u1ec3u thuy\u1ebft Ch\u00faa Ru\u1ed3i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u tay v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 minh h\u1ecda t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Hobbes v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Golding cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i mang \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u1edf ngay trong ch\u00fang ta. Qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta. Qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef \u1ea9n n\u1ea5p \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n r\u00ecnh ch\u1edd gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n. Qu\u1ef7 d\u1eef n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n trong b\u1ec1 s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c hay trong nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat s\u1ed1ng bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) cho r\u1eb1ng: b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t.[3]<\/a> \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh cho quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn tai n\u1ea1n x\u1ea3y ra. Ai trong ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng mang trong m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m, khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai b\u1ecb \u0111au kh\u1ed5 hay ph\u1ea3i cam ch\u1ecbu. T\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng quen bi\u1ebft? Rousseau cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: \u2018b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t.\u2019 Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Rousseau gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ed3i n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng do \u00fd mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ee5c l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra x\u1ea5u xa. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n, Rousseau \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Robinson Crusoe (Robinxon tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o hoang<\/em>). H\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 Robinxon tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea3o hoang, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Robinxon, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, ch\u00e2n ch\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng Robinxon c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t khi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00edch t\u00edch tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u xa.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang ta kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng gi\u1eb1ng co: b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u1ea5u. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00fang nh\u01b0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Hobbes! Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u00ednh x\u1ea5u trong m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, t\u00ednh x\u1ea5u \u1ea5y tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd; M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 gia v\u1ecb gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00eam \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Qua nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Rousseau: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh. V\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng quanh ta c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 m\u1eb9 Theresa Calcutta, Mahatma Gandhi\u2026 d\u00e1m t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, hy sinh nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n?<\/p>\n Hai quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Hobbes v\u00e0 Rousseau kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nhau! C\u1ea3 hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u2018b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh hai m\u1eb7t<\/em>\u2019 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u1ea5u, \u00edch k\u1ef7 nh\u01b0 Hobbes di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, ch\u00e2nn ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 Rousseau ch\u1ec9 ra. Cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 gi\u1eb1ng co gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1eb1ng co n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u00ecm \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y h\u01a1n. H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh T\u00f4i \u0111i t\u00ecm t\u00f4i<\/em> v\u1eabn m\u00e3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1eebng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i trong m\u1ed7i ph\u00fat gi\u00e2y cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n khao kh\u00e1t \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n V\u0103n Ng\u1eef<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> s. POJMAN, Louis P, \u201cWho Are We?<\/em>\u201d Theories of Human Nature<\/em>, Oxford University Press, New York, 2006, pp.104-106.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> Truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn bi th\u1ea3m trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb may m\u1eafn s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t hoang \u0111\u1ea3o \u1edf Nam Th\u00e1i B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng. Chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra khi chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y bay ch\u1edf ch\u00fang \u0111i s\u01a1 t\u00e1n b\u1ecb tr\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1n trong chi\u1ebfn tranh. B\u1ecdn tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u. Ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00f3m, v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu nh\u1ecf. Nh\u01b0ng sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kh\u1eafc nhi\u1ec7t, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u00e1i t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh sinh t\u1ed3n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1eafn t\u1eaft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, khi c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n \u201cth\u00fa t\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng s\u01a1 khai v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o khi g\u1eb7p m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed7i h\u1ed3ng hoang n\u00e0y. (s. Ibid<\/em>, pp.109-110)<\/p>\n